Nephrite

Nephrite is one of two distinct minerals recognized as "jade," the other being jadeite. It is a type of amphibole mineral, specifically a variety of the mineral actinolite, and has a fibrous structure that gives it great toughness and durability. This toughness, along with its beautiful, smooth appearance, made it a popular material for carving and decorative objects throughout history.

Key Characteristics of Nephrite

Composition

Nephrite is mainly composed of calcium, magnesium, and iron silicate. Its formula is typically written as Ca2(Mg,Fe)5Si8O22(OH)2. The iron content affects its color, giving it shades ranging from light to dark green, and sometimes white, yellowish, or brownish hues.

Nephrite has a Mohs hardness of 6 to 6.5, which is slightly lower than jadeite (the other form of jade). However, its interlocking fibrous structure makes it extremely tough and resistant to breaking or chipping, a trait highly valued in jade carvings.

Hardness

Color

While the most common color for nephrite is green, it can range from white to almost black, depending on the iron content. The more iron in the mineral, the darker the color. "Mutton fat" jade, a highly prized white to light cream variety of nephrite, is particularly valued in Chinese culture.

Nephrite is typically opaque or slightly translucent in thin slices. The translucency and texture contribute to its smooth, waxy appearance, giving nephrite carvings a soft glow when polished.

Transparency

Nephrite has been used by ancient cultures for thousands of years. In China, it has been associated with virtues like purity, nobility, and immortality, making it a symbol of great spiritual and social significance. The Chinese have used nephrite to make intricate carvings, ceremonial items, jewelry, and tools since Neolithic times. In New Zealand, nephrite, or pounamu, is considered a taonga (treasure) by the Māori people, and it plays a crucial role in their cultural heritage. It was traditionally used for tools, weapons, and ornaments, and it is still used today in jewelry and carvings.

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